All Discussions Tagged 'guides' - Totem Talk2024-03-29T08:07:55Zhttps://totemtalk.ning.com/forum/topic/listForTag?tag=guides&feed=yes&xn_auth=noUnusual Birds and Mammalstag:totemtalk.ning.com,2020-07-09:5521792:Topic:820032020-07-09T21:45:25.185ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<div class="format-standard" id="post-289"><h1 class="entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong>Unusual Birds and Mammals</strong></span></h1>
</div>
<div class="entry-meta"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We all know what wolves and coyotes look like, and nearly everyone is familiar with bears, deer and turtles; what about some less familiar animals such as capybara, kiwi, or tapirs?…</span></div>
<div class="entry-content-art"></div>
<div id="post-289" class="format-standard"><h1 class="entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong>Unusual Birds and Mammals</strong></span></h1>
</div>
<div class="entry-meta"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We all know what wolves and coyotes look like, and nearly everyone is familiar with bears, deer and turtles; what about some less familiar animals such as capybara, kiwi, or tapirs?</span></div>
<div class="entry-content-art"><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.zazzle.com/pair_of_blue_footed_booby_birds_sula_nebouxii_poster-228795481518528446?rf=238280797903163295" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.zazzle.com/rlv/pair_of_blue_footed_booby_birds_sula_nebouxii_poster-rceeb2f206a00414e9ad30772fbd11df0_wvg_8byvr_325.jpg" alt="Pair of blue-footed booby birds, Sula nebouxii Poster"/></a></span><br/> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.zazzle.com/pair_of_blue_footed_booby_birds_sula_nebouxii_poster-228795481518528446?rf=238280797903163295" rel="nofollow">Pair of blue-footed booby birds, Sula nebouxii Poster</a></span></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">There are so many lesser known animals on this planet that we hear little or nothing about most times, it is interesting to investigate a few of these creatures and understand them a little more.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some of the more unusual birds and mammals include a 100 pound rodent, a flower pollinating bear, a mouse that breaths through it’s skin, and a bird that can’t fly.</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Mammals</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignright" title="Capybara" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/Capybara.jpg" alt="Capybara" width="225" height="169"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Capybara</strong> are first on our list of unusual mammals. They are the world’s largest rodent, averaging 100 pounds. They are called rodents because they have sharp front teeth that never stop growing. They are semi-aquatic, spending a lot of time in the water. They live in grasslands and forests alongside water in Central and South America. They are most active during the early morning and late evening and rest during the heat of the day.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignleft" title="kinkajou" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/kinkajou.jpg" alt="kinkajou" width="225" height="225"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Our next animal is a cute little miniature “bear” called the <strong>kinkajou</strong>. These are a unique animal in that they are the only mammals that help to pollinate plants. They have very long tongues that they use to lick the nectar inside flowers. While they are licking, they get pollen on their fur and noses and this gets transplanted to other flowers as they feed. They are sometimes called honey bears because they love honey so much, but they are different from regular bears in that they are very small, most times not weighing more than 8 pounds. They are fun loving animals that even make good pets. They feed on fruit, honey and eggs in the wild and their closest cousin is the panda bear of Asia.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignleft" title="tapir" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/tapir.jpg" alt="tapir" width="225" height="157"/><img class="alignright" title="tapir foot" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/tapir-foot.jpg" alt="tapir foot" width="225" height="178"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Another unusual mammal is a <strong>tapir</strong>. It looks like half anteater, half pig, yet they are not related to either. They descend from primitive horses and rhinos. They come in various color patterns depending on the region they are from. All baby tapirs, however, are born with a pattern of dots and stripes which make them look like a watermelon with legs. As they age, these markings fade away to be replaced with their adult color patterns. Tapirs have an unusual three toed foot. They feed on fruit, berries and leaves, and can live to be 30 years old.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignleft" title="Marsupial Mouse" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/marsupial-mouse.jpg" alt="Marsupial Mouse" width="225" height="270"/>Our last animal is a <strong>Marsupial Mouse</strong>. While this may seem like just any other mouse, there are some very distinct characteristics about the marsupial mouse that make it stand out. Being a marsupial, its young are “hatched” from inside their mothers and then they crawl through her fir up to their mother’s underside where they attach and feed until they are fully developed. When they come out of their mother, they are so underdeveloped that in order to survive, they have to breathe through their skin. They are the only mammal found that can do this. As their lungs continue to develop, they gradually start to take over the breathing process until eventually, when fully developed, their skin no longer plays a role in breathing. They are carnivorous by nature, eating insects, small birds, reptiles and small mammals.</span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Birds</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignright" title="kiwi bird" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/kiwi-bird.jpg" alt="kiwi bird" width="225" height="164"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Of the various birds in the world, the <strong>kiwi bird</strong> is one of the most unique. It is similar to the chicken in that it can’t fly. Their “wings” are only two inches long and for all practical purposes are useless. They are the sole survivor of an ancient order of birds including the now extinct moas. They are semi-nocturnal animals, so catching a glimpse of them in the wild rarely happens.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">They can only be found in New Zealand and its surrounding islands. The reason they have survived the ages in New Zealand comes from the fact that there are no snakes or large mammals native to New Zealand. A bird the size of a kiwi, without the capability to fly would be an especially attractive target to snakes. Also, the island has no bears, bobcats, tigers, etc., which also makes it easier for the kiwi to survive.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">With the coming of humans to the island, especially the colonization by England, house pets such as cats and dogs have become the main predators of the decreasing kiwi population.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignleft" title="Condor" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/condor.jpg" alt="Condor" width="225" height="150"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some of the biggest birds in the world are <strong>condors</strong>. They can have wingspans up to 11 feet; they use their large wingspan to “float” on air thermals for miles without having to move their wings, which conserves their energy as they look for food. They are in the vulture family, feeding on the remains of animals and thus they play a very significant role in the animal kingdom.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">They have highly evolved immune systems to ward off infection from the various bacteria left on the animal carcasses they feed on. They are very clean birds, spending much of their time cleaning their feathers and heads after eating to further keep them safe from disease and bacteria. Their heads are featherless allowing them to stay cleaner while eating.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img class="alignright" title="Bee hummingbird" src="https://www.petandwildlife.com/bee-hummingbird.jpg" alt="Bee hummingbird" width="225" height="162"/></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The last unusual bird is the worlds smallest, weighing in at only 1.8 grams, which is less than a US penny. The bee hummingbird makes a nest only 3 cm wide (1.18 inch). Its tiny wings beat 80 times per second. Using all this energy requires them to eat half their body weight in food each day as well as drink eight times their body weight in water. That’s like a 150 pound adult human drinking 144 gallons of water each day. They are found only in Cuba and the Isle of Pines.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span>About the Author</span><br/> <span>Emma Snow has always adored wild animals. Emma provides content for Wildlife Animals </span><a href="http://www.wildlife-animals.com/">http://www.wildlife-animals.com/</a><span> and Riding Stable </span><a href="http://www.riding-stable.com/">http://www.riding-stable.com/</a></span></p>
<p></p>
</div> POWER ANIMAL RELATED TAROT & ORACLE DECKStag:totemtalk.ning.com,2020-06-04:5521792:Topic:816182020-06-04T03:42:49.850ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>The Animal Totem Tarot</b> by Eugene Smith, Leeza Robertson</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.aeclectic.net/tarot/cards/animal-totem-tarot/">http://www.aeclectic.net/tarot/cards/animal-totem-tarot/…</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=original" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img class="align-full" src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=RESIZE_710x" width="530"></img></a></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>The Animal Totem Tarot</b> by Eugene Smith, Leeza Robertson</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.aeclectic.net/tarot/cards/animal-totem-tarot/">http://www.aeclectic.net/tarot/cards/animal-totem-tarot/</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=RESIZE_710x" width="530" class="align-full"/>***********************************************************</a></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>The Ark Animal Tarot & Oracle Cards Deck</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;">by Bernadette King</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://whatismyspiritanimal.com/product/the-ark-animal-tarot-oracle-deck/">https://whatismyspiritanimal.com/product/the-ark-animal-tarot-oracle-deck/</a></span></p>
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571408283?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571408283?profile=RESIZE_710x" width="530" class="align-full"/></a><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a></p>
<p><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571408283?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5571763860?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener">***********************************************************</a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>THE SPIRIT ANIMAL ORACLE CARDS</strong> by Colette Baron-Reid: </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.colettebaronreid.com/spirit-animal/">https://www.colettebaronreid.com/spirit-anima</a><a href="https://www.colettebaronreid.com/spirit-animal/">l/</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.colettebaronreid.com/oracle-cards-and-apps/">https://www.colettebaronreid.com/oracle-cards-and-apps/</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>The Spirit Animal Oracle: A 68-Card Deck and Guidebook</strong> by Colette Baron Reid</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.shamansmarket.com/products/the-spirit-animal-oracle-a-68-card-deck-and-guidebook-cards-by-colette-baron-reid">https://www.shamansmarket.com/products/the-spirit-animal-oracle-a-68-card-deck-and-guidebook-cards-by-colette-baron-reid</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5683692485?profile=original" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/5683692485?profile=RESIZE_710x" width="530" class="align-full"/></a></span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p> The Cetacean Brain and Hominid Perceptions of Cetacean Intelligencetag:totemtalk.ning.com,2014-08-21:5521792:Topic:280062014-08-21T20:52:36.016ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p></p>
<p></p>
<div class="mbs fwn fcg"><div class="_5pcn fwb"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445352?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-full" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445352?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750"></img></a></div>
<div class="_5pcn fwb"><strong><a href="https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/photos/a.443115070931.234296.155430570931/10152578876395932/?type=1&fref=nf">Captain Paul Watson</a></strong></div>
<div class="_5pcn fwb"></div>
</div>
<div class="mtm _5pco"><p><strong>The Cetacean Brain and Hominid…</strong></p>
</div>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<div class="mbs fwn fcg"><div class="_5pcn fwb"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445352?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="750" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445352?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="750" class="align-full"/></a></div>
<div class="_5pcn fwb"><strong><a href="https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/photos/a.443115070931.234296.155430570931/10152578876395932/?type=1&fref=nf">Captain Paul Watson</a></strong></div>
<div class="_5pcn fwb"></div>
</div>
<div class="mtm _5pco"><p><strong>The Cetacean Brain and Hominid Perceptions of Cetacean Intelligence</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>An Essay by Captain Paul Watson</strong></em></p>
<p>"What a piece of work is man! How noble in reason!<br/>How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable!<br/>In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god!<br/>The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals!"<br/>- William Shakespeare, Hamlet</p>
<p>The human species may not be the paragon of animals as Hamlet so eloquently described to us. There is another group of species on this Earth perhaps more deserving of such lofty praise.</p>
<p>It is ironic that science, in its pursuit of knowledge, may soon lead us to understand that we are not what we believe or desire ourselves to be, that we are not the most knowledgeable life-form on the planet. Biological science is provoking us to shatter our image of human superiority. Confronted with new realities, we may be forced to change our perceptions. For the first time in our history, a small group of scientists stands on the threshold of communicating with a non-human intelligence. Probing the oceans instead of deep space, they are searching for an alternative terrestrial intelligence. (ATI)</p>
<p>Astronomers devoted to SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) keep our collective inquisitive ears tuned for signs of sentience from space. At the same time, cetologists observe, document, and decipher evidence that points to a profound intelligence dwelling in the oceans. It is an intelligence that predates our own evolution as intelligent primates by millions of years. Furthermore, it is an intelligence that may prove to be far superior to us in terms of complex associative, linguistic, and survival abilities. Dr. John Ford's patient monitoring of the speech of orcas off British Columbia has revealed distinctive dialects between orca populations, so distinctive that it is possible to link a captive animal of unknown origin with its long-lost family in the wild. In the cold waters off Patagonia, Dr. Roger Payne thrilled the world with his recordings of the songs of the humpback whale. Behind the aesthetic value of whale music, Payne's research has revealed fascinating insights into the complex and highly sophisticated language of whales.<br/>In the realm of zoological study, no other family of species has had such a profound impact upon human researchers. A few brilliant researchers have even been accused of losing their scientific objectivity simply because their study of cetaceans revealed knowledge about themselves. "You see," wrote Dr. John Lilly, "what I found after twelve years of work with dolphins is that the limits are not in them, the limits are in us. So I had to go away and find out, who am I? What's this all about?" Dr. Paul Spong, who came to the study of cetology as a psychologist, found himself transformed into a devout advocate of dolphin freedom. "I came to the realization," says Spong, "that at the same time I was manipulating their (orca) behavior, they were manipulating my behavior. At the same time I was studying them and performing experiments on them, they were studying me and performing experiments on me." Both men have taken to heart an advice: eloquently expressed by novelist Edward Abbey that, "it's not enough to understand the natural world, the point is to defend and preserve it."</p>
<p>Other scientists have told me that they understand this effect that cetaceans have on people and resist the tendency to become "involved" with their subjects only from fear of ridicule from other scientists. Knowing something is so does not mean that others will accept it or even be open-minded enough to ponder it. Some things are just not on the table for serious scientific debate, and the idea that humans are subordinate in intelligence to another species is one of them.</p>
<p>Ingrained anthropocentric attitudes dismiss the very idea that a dolphin or whale could be as intelligent as a human being, or more. In this respect, science is dogmatic and intransigent, differing little in attitude from the Papal pronouncement that the Earth could not possibly revolve around the sun.</p>
<p>Human imagination can instantly recognize intelligence in a blob of purple protoplasm or an insectoid extraterrestrial if it steps from a space ship dressed in a metallic suit and armed with a fantastic proton-plasmodic, negative-charged, ionic-cell destabilizer-blaster. Dolphins, on the other hand, just eat fish.</p>
<p>We willingly accept the idea of intelligence in a life-form only if the intelligence displayed is on the same evolutionary wavelength as our own. Technology automatically indicates intelligence. An absence of technology translates into an absence of intelligence.</p>
<p>Dolphins and whales do not display intelligence in a fashion recognizable to this conditioned perception of what intelligence is, and thus for the most part, we are blind to a broader definition of what intelligence can be.</p>
<p>Evolution molds our projection of intelligence. Humans evolved as tool-makers, obsessed with danger and group aggression. This makes it very difficult for us to comprehend intelligent non-manipulative beings whose evolutionary history featured ample food supplies and an absence of fear from external dangers.</p>
<p>I have observed whales and dolphins in the wild for fifty years, seeing varied and complex behavior that has displayed a definite pattern of sophisticated social interactions. They have exhibited discriminatory behavior in their dealings with us, treating us not like seals fit for prey but as curious objects to be observed and to be treated with caution. They can see beyond to the manifest technological power that we have harnessed, and they can adjust their behavior accordingly. It is a fact that there has never been a documented attack by a wild orca on a human being. Perhaps they like us. More likely they know what we are.</p>
<p>The interpretation of behavior remains subject to the bias of the observer; one observer can classify behavior as intelligent, and a second observer will dismiss the same behavior as instinctive. There is also the tendency to be anthropomorphic -- to attribute human feelings and motives to the behavior of nonhumans. Until we can actually talk with a nonhuman, it is difficult, if not impossible, to do anything but speculate on what is being thought or perceived. We cannot even understand with any certainty what a human being from a different culture, speaking a different language, may be thinking or perceiving. Even among people of our own culture, language, class, or academic standing, it is a formidable task to peer inside the workings of the brain. In this respect all brains other than our own are alien, and I might venture to add that the inner workings of our individual brains are still a mystery to each of us that possess one.</p>
<p>It is a great tragedy for our development as a species that we have been alone among hominids for the last thirty thousand years. Imagine Homo neanderthalensis existing today as a separate intelligent species of hominid primate. Our perception of the nature of intelligence would be profoundly different.</p>
<p>Homo neanderthalensis is an example of a species that possessed both technology and media communication. This tool-maker created haunting images of its experiences and environment. Some Neanderthal tools, artifacts, and cave art from the Chatelperonian period have survived and remind us that we are not the only species capable of material artistic expression. Neanderthal ivory and bone carvings were used for adornment in addition to more practical purposes. Symbols carved on antlers relating to the movement of animals in relationship to the seasons indicate that Neanderthals may have invented "writing,' and carried a hunting almanac around with them.</p>
<p>I have often heard lectures and read articles on the art of early humans. Yet seldom have I heard it said that it was not Homo sapiens alone but Homo neanderthalensis who also left us that legacy. Another species created something that we believe we alone created.</p>
<p>We perceive reality based on how we preconceive it. In other words, we see what we want to see. Let's take a close look at the anatomy of the brain. This is an organ that the human organism shares with most species above the invertebrate order. More specifically, we should look at the mammalian brain that is an organ composed of three distinct structures.</p>
<p>The foundation of the mammalian brain is the paleocortex, sometimes called the "reptilian" or "ancient" brain. The paleocortex segment reflects the primordial fish-amphibian-reptile structure. This basal combination of nerves is called the rhinic lobe (from the Greek rhinos, for nose) because it was once believed to be the area that dealt with the sense of smell. The poorly developed rhinic lobe is overlaid by the slightly more advanced limbic lobe (from the Latin limbus, for border). On top of this lobe is overlaid the third and much larger segment called the supralimbic lobe.<br/>Draped over these three lobes is a cellular covering called the neocortex, meaning "new brain." This is the instantly recognizable, fissured, convoluted layer that envelops the other two more primitive segments. The neocortex is a bewilderingly complex community of intertwined axonal and dendritic nerve cells, synapses, and fibers.</p>
<p>The mammalian brain is a complex layering or lamination of evolutionary processes that reflects hundreds of millions of years of progressive development. The billions of electrochemical interactions within this complex organ define consciousness, awareness, emotion, vision, recognition, sound, touch, smell, personality, intuition, instinct, and intelligence.</p>
<p>The first factor in determining the mammalian stages of development is the number of brain laminations. The layering of the neocortex differs greatly between humans and other land animals. The expansion of the neocortex is always forward. This means that neocortex development can be used as a fairly accurate indicator of the evolutionary process of intelligence. We cannot assume, however, that the determining factor in comparative intelligence is neocortex mass. The other factors considered in the equation are differentiation, neural connectivity and complexity, sectional specialization, and internal structure. All these factors contribute toward interspecial measurements of intelligence.</p>
<p>Interspecies comparisons focus on the extent of lamination, the total cortical area, and the number and depth of neocortex convolutions. In addition, primary sensory processing relative to problem solving is a significant indicator; this can be described as associative ability. The association or connecting of ideas is a measurable skill: a rat's associative skill is measured at nine to one. This means that 90 percent of the brain is devoted to primary sensory projection, leaving only 10 percent for associative skills. A cat is one to one, meaning that half the brain is available for associative ability. A chimpanzee is one to three, and a human being is one to nine. We humans need only utilize 10 percent of our brains to operate our sensory organs. Thus the associative abilities of a cat are measurably greater than a rat but less than a chimp, and humans are the highest of all.</p>
<p>Not exactly. The cetacean brain averages one to twenty-five and can range upward to one to forty. The reason for this is that the much larger supralimbic lobe is primarily association cortex. Unlike humans, in cetaceans sensory and motor function control is spread outside the supralimbic, leaving more brain area for associative purposes.</p>
<p>Comparisons of synaptic geometry, dendritic field density, and neural connectivity underscore the humbling revelation that the cetacean brain is superior to the human brain. In addition, the centralization and differentiation of the individual cerebral areas are levels higher than the human brain. Many of us may remember our lessons from Biology 101. We were shown illustrations of the brain of a rat, a cat, a chimp, and a human. We listened as the instructor pointed out the ratio of brain to body size and the increased convolutions on the neocortex of the human over the chimp, the cat, the rat. The simplistic conclusion was an understanding that humans were smarter. Of course, it was a human demonstration of intelligence, and the conclusion was arrived at by discrimination based on the selection of the examples. When the brain model of an orca is inserted into the picture, the conclusion based on the same factors places the human brain in second position.</p>
<p>Unfortunately for the pride of humankind, this simple comparison is elementary compared to a truly astounding fact: whereas the human brain shares three segments with all other mammals, the cetacean brain is uniquely different in its physiology.</p>
<p>Humans have the rhinic, limbic, and supralimbic, with the neocortex covering the surface of the supralimbic. However, with cetaceans we see a radical evolutionary jump with the inclusion of a fourth segment. This is a fourth cortical lobe, giving a four-fold lamination that is morphologically the most significant differentiation between cetaceans and all other cranially evolved mammals, including humans. No other species has ever had four separate cortical lobes.</p>
<p>This well-developed extra lobar formation sandwiched between the limbic and supralimbic lobes is called the paralimbic. Considering neurohistological criteria, the paralimbic lobe is a continuation of the sensory and motor areas found in the supralimbic lobe in humans. According to Dr. Sterling Bunnell, the paralimbic lobe specializes in specific sensory and motor functions. In humans, the projection areas for different senses are widely separated from one another, and the motor area is adjacent to the touch area. For us to make an integrated perception from sight, sound, and touch, impulses must travel by long fiber tracts with a great loss of time and information. The cetacean's paralimbic system makes possible the very rapid formation of integrated perceptions with a richness of information unimaginable to us.</p>
<p>Despite Biology 101, brain-to-body ratio is not an indication of intelligence. If this were so, the hummingbird would be the world's most intelligent animal. Brain size in itself, however, is important, and the largest brains ever developed on this planet belong to whales. More important is the quality of the brain tissue. With four lobes, greater, more pronounced neocortex convolutions, and superior size, the brain of the sperm whale at 9,000 cc or the brain of the orca at 6,000 cc are the paragons of brain evolution on the Earth. By contrast, the human brain is 1,300 cc. And by point of interest, the brain of a Neanderthal was an average 1,500 cc.</p>
<p>Apart from our collective ego as a species, the idea of an Earthling species more intelligent than ourselves is difficult to swallow. We measure intelligence in strictly human terms, based on those abilities that we as a species excel at. Thus we view hand-to-eye coordination as a highly intelligent ability. We build things; we make tools and weapons, manufacture vehicles, and construct buildings. We use our brains to focus our eyes to guide our hands to force our environment to conform to our desires or our will. Whales cannot or do not do any of the things we expect intelligent creatures to do. They do not build cars or spaceships, nor can they manage investment portfolios.</p>
<p>Cetaceans do have built-in abilities like sonar that put our electronic sonar devices to shame. Sperm whales have even developed a sonic ray-gun, so to speak, allowing them to stun prey from a head filled with spermaceti oil to amplify and project a sonic blast. However, we expect an intelligent species to arrive in a spaceship armed with laser rayguns, bearing gifts of futuristic technologies. This is a fantasy that we can understand, that we yearn for. For us, technology is intelligence. Intelligence is not a naked creature swimming freely, eating fish, and singing in the sea.</p>
<p>The whale is an organic submarine. A whale may not arrive in a spaceship, but it is itself a living submersible ship. All of its technology is internal and organic. We do not accept this. The human understanding of intelligence is material. The more superior the technology, the more superior the intelligence.</p>
<p>Yet intelligence is relative; it evolves to fulfill the evolutionary needs of a species. All successful species are intelligent in accordance with their ecological position. In this respect, the intelligence of a crocodile or a whale, an elephant or a human is non-comparable. A complex intelligence exists within every sentient creature relevant to its needs. We as humans cannot begin to compare our elaborate intelligence to the complex intelligence of other creatures whose brains or nerves are designed for completely different functions in radically different environments.</p>
<p>Most modern humans believe that we are vastly more intelligent compared to our ancestors of 75,000 years ago or even 10,000 years ago. Our technology is proof, is it not? The fact is that the brain of a person living today is identical in size and composition to that of our kind from tens of thousands of years ago. If you were to set Einstein's brain beside the brain of a cave-dweller of the Paleolithic era, you would not be able to find a single difference in size or complexity. Our technology is cumulative, the end product of millennia of trial and error. It is also exponential, and we now live in the time of the most rapid exponential growth. Individually, the average cave-dweller of the past could match the average citizen today in associative intelligence and would be as capable of learning. Our intelligence is also cultural, and the vast amount of information that we have at our disposal lies outside of ourselves as individuals. Apart from the community, we are severely limited in understanding or manipulating technologies. Left to our own resources on an undeveloped island, most of us would have absolutely no idea how to survive. We do not even have the knowledge to construct rudimentary stone tools or weapons. In this respect stone age humans would be our intellectual superiors.</p>
<p>If we look at the comparative intelligences of species strictly on a morphological basis, judging all aspects on cortical structural development alone, we can assign an average associative score relative to human intelligence. Let's assign the average human brain a score equal to 100. This is the number we consider average on human Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests. Based on associative skills as defined by the physiological structure of the comparative brains, we will find that a dog scores about fifteen, and a chimpanzee around thirty-five. These are scores that are comfortably within our understanding of intelligence.</p>
<p>Based upon comparisons of cortical structure alone, a sperm whale would score 2,000.</p>
<p>The truth of the matter is that we know absolutely nothing about what goes on in the brain of a whale or a dolphin. In our ignorance, we resort to the arrogance of denial and dismissal. We deny the physiological evidence and in general we have denied that other animals can think or even feel. We forget that all mammals have climbed the evolutionary ladder with us, and some, like the whale, started climbing that ladder tens of millions of years before we evolved from that apelike ancestor that we shared with the Neanderthal, the chimp, and the mountain gorilla.</p>
<p>The whale has evolved in a different manner, its natural physical abilities giving it little cause to desire material baggage. The spear was not needed to get food -- the whale is one of the most efficient hunters in natural history. The whale's ability to travel, to communicate, to care for its young, and its complex social systems are all separate from external material acquisition. Whales have biologically evolved what we utilize technology to achieve. Technology is something that the whales have never needed. They contain all the assets needed for survival and development within their massive bodies and formidable brains.</p>
<p>Humans are big-brained manipulators. Cetaceans and elephants are big-brained non-manipulators. The hominid brain grew in size from 450 cc to 1,300 cc over a period of only five million years. Cetaceans had already reached 690 cc in brain size some thirty million years ago and had developed to their present capacity well before our own evolutionary jump in brain development.</p>
<p>Another major difference between the cetacean and human brain is the shape. The cranium of the whale evolved over millions of years to conform to the need for streamlined movement through the water. This need has shaped the brain, making it higher, but shortening the length front-to-back slightly. And this shape has resulted in a relatively thinner layering of the cortex that is more than compensated by the much greater surface area of the neocortex due to the tremendous in-folding of the convolutions. According to Pilleri and Gihr, dolphins, toothed whales, and primates have the most highly differentiated brains of all mammals, and Krays and Pilleri showed through electroencephalographical studies that the Amazon River dolphins have the highest degree of encephalization, much higher than primates.</p>
<p>Construction of the cortex was found to be equal or superior to primates. Cetaceans are the most specialized mammalian order on the planet, and we see intelligence in dozens of species. By contrast, Homo sapiens are the sole surviving hominid.<br/>Humans may be the paramount tool-makers of the Earth, but the whale may be our paramount thinker. We can only imagine how a dolphin perceives the stars, but they may well do so better than we. Indeed, if the power of such an awesome brain could be utilized, travel to the stars might have already been achieved. The mind can travel to realms that rockets can never reach. Or perhaps they have already discovered that the ultimate destination of a voyager is to arrive back where it belongs -- in its own place within the universe. The desire to travel to the stars could very well be an aberration, a need within a species that has been ecologically deprived. Intelligent species here or else where in the universe may have determined that space travel is not the ultimate expression of intelligence. It may only be the ultimate expression of technology: technology and wisdom may be widely diverse expressions of different forms of intelligence.</p>
<p>Intelligence can also be measured by the ability to live within the bounds of the laws of ecology -- to live in harmony with one's own ecology and to recognize the limitations placed on each species by the needs of an ecosystem. Is the species that dwells peacefully within its habitat with respect for the rights of other species the one that is inferior? Or is it the species that wages a holy war against its habitat, destroying all species that irritate it? What can be said of a species that reproduces beyond the ability of its habitat to support it? What do we make of a species that destroys the diversity that sustains the ecosystem that nourishes it? How is a species to be judged that fouls its water and poisons its own food?</p>
<p>On the other hand, how is a species that has lived harmoniously within the boundaries of its ecology to be judged?</p>
<p>It is an observable fact that whales and dolphins hold a special place in the hearts of human beings. We have had an affinity with them for years, recognizing in them something that it has been difficult to put a finger upon. What we do know is that they are different from other animals, apart from them in a manner that suggests a unique quality that we can intuitively recognize. That quality is intelligence.</p>
<p>Recognizing this quality has profound moral responsibilities. How can humans continue to slaughter creatures of an equal or superior intelligence? The path toward the reality of interspecies communications between cetaceans and humans may lead us to the recognition that we have been committing murder.</p>
<p>Utilizing the computer technology of our species in company with the linguistic and associative skills of cetaceans, we may be able to talk with these beings some day soon. The key is in understanding the different evolutionary developments within two completely different brains with uniquely developed sensory modalities.</p>
<p>Imagine being able to see into another person's body, being able to see the flow of blood, the workings of the organs, and the flow of air into the lungs. Cetaceans can do this through echo-location. A dolphin can see a tumor inside the body of another dolphin. If an animal is drowning, this becomes instantly recognizable from being able to "see" the water filling the lungs. Even more amazing is that emotional states can be instantly detected. These are species incapable of deception, whose emotional states are open books to each other. Such biologically enforced honesty would have radically different social consequences from our own.</p>
<p>Sight in humans is a space-oriented distance sense which gives us complex simultaneous information in the form of analog pictures with poor time discrimination. By contrast, our auditory sense has poor space perception but good time discrimination. This results in human languages being comprised of fairly simple sounds arranged in elaborate temporal sequences. The cetacean auditory system is primarily spatial, more like human eyesight, with great diversity of simultaneous information and poor time discrimination. For this reason, dolphin language consists of very complex sounds perceived as a unit. What humans may need hundreds of sounds strung together to communicate, the dolphin may do in one sound. To understand us, they would have to slow down their perception of sounds to an incredibly boring degree. It is for this reason that dolphins respond readily to music. Human music is more in tune with dolphin speech.</p>
<p>Utilizing their skill at echo-location with elaborate detailed mental images of what they "see" through auditory channels, dolphins may be able to recreate and transmit images to each other. In other words, whereas our language is analog, cetacean language is digital. With the invention of the computer, we are now communicating with each other digitally, and this may be the key to unlocking the doors of perception into cetacean communication.</p>
<p>The possibilities are fantastic. Instead of communicating across the vast expanse of space, we may be able to bridge the chasm between species. But we will not be able to say that "we come in peace." The tragic reality is that we will be speaking with species that we have slaughtered, enslaved, and abused. We can only hope that they will be forgiving of our ignorance.</p>
<p>If so, the future holds a place for the exchange of knowledge, the secrets of the seas, alternative philosophies, and unique and different perspectives. I can envision the words of the whales translated into books. Instead of just listening to the music of whale song, we will be able to understand what the songs convey. This may open up new horizons in literature, poetry, music, and oceanography.</p>
<p>In return, Moby Dick by Herman Melville might serve to show the whales that our species has come a long way toward peace between humankind and whalekind. The whales will learn the mysteries of the land and will be able to negotiate the release of members of their families that have been held captive for human amusement. Perhaps we can convince them that our species is not uniform in its evolution toward morality and understanding. If so, we may be able to convince them that our whalers are aberrations, throwbacks to our more barbaric origins and a collective embarrassment to our species.</p>
<p>Most importantly, we will learn the lesson that we cannot presume to judge intelligence based upon our own preconceptions, prejudice, and cultural biases. In so doing, we will be able to understand that we share this Earth with millions of other species, all intelligent in their own manner, and all equally deserving of the right to dwell in peace on this planet that we all call our home -- this water planet with the strange name of Earth.</p>
<p>``They say the sea is cold, but the sea contains the hottest blood of all, and the wildest, the most urgent."<br/>-- D.H. Lawrence, Whales Weep Not</p>
<p>Bibliography and Sources:<br/>Bunnell, Sterling. 1974. The Evolution of Cetacean Intelligence. Deacon, Terrence W. 1997. The Symbolic Species: The Coevolution of Language and the Brain. Jacobs, Myron.1974. The Whale Brain: Input and Behaviour. Lawrence, D.H. Whales Weep Not. Licino, Aldo. "Just Animals? Mammalian Studies Point to an Anatomical Basis to Intelligence." Mensa Berichten: Mensa International Journal Extra. June 1996. Lilly, John. 1961. Man and Dolphin. Morgane, Peter. 1974. The Whale Brain: The Anatomical Basis of Intelligence. Pilleri, G. Behaviour Patterns of Some Delphinidae Observed in the Western Mediterranean.Sagan, Dr. Carl. 1971.The Cosmic Connections, The Dragons of Eden. Watson, Lyall.1996. Dark Nature: The Nature of Evil. Some information based on conversations over the last two decades with Dr. Michael Bigg (orcas), Dr. John Ford (orca dialects), Dr. Roger Payne (whale communication), and Dr. Paul Spong (orcas).</p>
<p>Illustration: Comparison of a human and dolphin brain showing the 4th lobe and more complex convolutions upon the neo-cortex of the dolphin as opposed to the human brain.</p>
</div> JUDY LARSON ~ The Art of Concealment ~ Wildlife Artisttag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-12-09:5521792:Topic:256882013-12-09T20:09:41.137ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p><strong><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445496?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-full" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445496?profile=original" width="600"></img></a></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><a href="http://JUDY%20LARSON%20~%20The%20Art%20of%20Concealment%20~%20Wildlife%20Artist" target="_blank">JUDY LARSON</a> ~ The Art of Concealment …</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445496?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445496?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><a href="http://JUDY%20LARSON%20~%20The%20Art%20of%20Concealment%20~%20Wildlife%20Artist" target="_blank">JUDY LARSON</a> ~ The Art of Concealment </span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.judylarson.com/">http://www.judylarson.com/</a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445703?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445703?profile=original" width="165" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><a href="http://www.judylarson.com/bio.html" target="_blank">BIOGRAPHY</a>: </strong></p>
<p>Judy Larson always knew she was going to be an artist. She was surrounded by them as a child, and was particularly inspired by her father, a professional illustrator.</p>
<p class="bioP">Judy received a Bachelor of Science degree in Commercial Art from Pacific Union College in Northern California, then spent the next 17 years as a commercial artist, illustrator and art director.</p>
<p class="bioP">In 1988, influenced by her love of nature and animals, Judy devoted her time to wildlife art. Her primary focus in each of her paintings is the animal, with the horse as a recurring subject.</p>
<p class="bioP">Her unique approach to her work is through the use of scratch board--a technique that can render magnificent detail but one requiring infinite patience.</p>
<p class="bioP">Scratch board, an old, but little used medium, consists of a smooth, thin surface of hardened China clay applied to a board. The subject is then painted solidly with black India ink to create a silhouette.</p>
<p class="bioP">Now the exacting work begins, engraving the image into the surface of the artwork. While many artists use steel nibs or engraving tools, Judy prefers to work with X-acto blades, changing them ever few minutes to produce as fine a line as possible. Once the subject has been totally scratched, it is a finished black and white illustration, ready for the artist to add color. The methods of adding color are diverse. Judy prefers a combination of airbrush, gouache or acrylics for finishing, with frequent rescratching for detail.</p>
<p class="bioP">Scratch board is a demanding medium, one that Judy has used masterfully in developing her unique approach to wildlife art.</p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445737?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="600" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445737?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445855?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445855?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445911?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445911?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446069?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446069?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446146?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446146?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446034?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446034?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446429?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446429?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446666?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446666?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p class="bioP"></p>
<p class="bioP"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446953?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446953?profile=original" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p> Who is/are your guide/s and how did you met them?tag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-07-08:5521792:Topic:234512013-07-08T07:12:43.838ZScarlegshttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/Scarlegs
<p>I was wondering who are your guides and how did you meet them?</p>
<p>My guide is Tipvigut, she is a young polar bear(Around two or three years old) I have known about her for a month or so, I found her with <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3ppUi06y3Y" target="_blank">this</a> meditation. I just did a guided meditation that worked superbly, I could hear things and feel things, you can read about my experience …</p>
<p>I was wondering who are your guides and how did you meet them?</p>
<p>My guide is Tipvigut, she is a young polar bear(Around two or three years old) I have known about her for a month or so, I found her with <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3ppUi06y3Y" target="_blank">this</a> meditation. I just did a guided meditation that worked superbly, I could hear things and feel things, you can read about my experience <a href="http://totemtalk.ning.com/profiles/blogs/i-might-have-met-my-guide" target="_blank">here</a> .</p>
<p>So here are a few questions you might like to answer:</p>
<p>1: Who is your animal guide?</p>
<p>2: How long have you know about them?</p>
<p>3: How did you find them?</p>
<p>4: Could you explain in detail(You don't have to if you don''t want to or don't have the time.)</p> India To Recognize Dolphins As “Non-Human Persons”tag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-05-28:5521792:Topic:229682013-05-28T20:42:02.735ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446915?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-center" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446915?profile=original" width="281"></img></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-3"><strong><a href="http://www.secretsofthefed.com/india-to-recognize-dolphins-as-non-human-persons/#2xDbbPgZ1TwtogL8.99" target="_blank">India To Recognize Dolphins As “Non-Human Persons”</a> </strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-3"><strong>by …</strong></span></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446915?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063446915?profile=original" width="281" class="align-center"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-3"><strong><a href="http://www.secretsofthefed.com/india-to-recognize-dolphins-as-non-human-persons/#2xDbbPgZ1TwtogL8.99" target="_blank">India To Recognize Dolphins As “Non-Human Persons”</a> </strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-3"><strong>by <a href="http://disinfo.com/author/jacobsloan/" title="Posts by JacobSloan" rel="author">JacobSloan</a> on <abbr class="date time published" title="2013-05-28T10:54:41-0400">May 28, 2013</abbr> </strong><br/></span></p>
<p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="font-size-3">Are we moving beyond the human/animal binary?</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="font-size-3">India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests has decided to forbid the keeping of captive dolphins for public entertainment anywhere in the country. In a policy statement released Friday, the ministry said:</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<blockquote><p><span class="font-size-3">“[Their] unusually high intelligence as compared to other animals means that dolphin should be seen as ‘non-human persons’ and as such should have their own specific rights and is morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purpose.”</span></p>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">The grassroots Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organization, FIAPO, was pleased with the decision. FIAPO spokesperson Puja Mitra called the decision “a huge victory for the dolphins!”</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Ric O’Barry, director of the U.S.-based Earth Island Institute’s Dolphin Project, said, “Not only has the Indian government spoken out against cruelty, they have contributed to an emerging and vital dialogue about the ways we think about dolphins – as thinking, feeling beings.”</span></p>
<p></p> What is ANIMISM?tag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-04-17:5521792:Topic:222382013-04-17T01:32:03.024ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442806?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-full" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442806?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="600"></img></a></p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-3"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442834?profile=original" target="_self"><img class="align-full" height="292" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442834?profile=original" width="473"></img></a></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-3">What is ANIMISM? </span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Animism (from Latin animus, -i "soul, life") is the religious worldview…</span></p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442806?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="600" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442806?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="600" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-3"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442834?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442834?profile=original" width="473" class="align-full" height="292"/></a></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span class="font-size-3">What is ANIMISM? </span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Animism (from Latin animus, -i "soul, life") is the religious worldview that natural physical entities—including animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects or phenomena—possess a spiritual essence. Specifically, animism is used in the anthropology of religion as a term for the religion of indigenous tribal peoples, especially prior to the development and/or infiltration of civilization andorganized religion. Although each tribe is unique in its specific mythologies and rituals, "animism" often describes the most common, foundational thread of indigenous tribespeoples' spiritual or "supernatural" perspectives. Some members of the non-tribal world also consider themselves animists (such as author Daniel Quinn, sculptor Lawson Oyekan, and many Neopagans) and not all peoples who describe themselves as tribal would describe themselves as animistic. The tribal animistic perspective is so fundamental, mundane, everyday and taken-for-granted that most animistic indigenous people do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion"); the term is an anthropological construct rather than one designated by tribespeople themselves. Largely due to such ethnolinguistic and cultural discrepancies, opinion has differed—ever since Sir Edward Tylor's 19th-century popularization of the term—on whether animism refers to a broadly religious belief or to a full-fledged religion in its own right.<br/> <br/> Animism encompasses the beliefs that there is no separation between the spiritual and physical (or material) world, and souls or spirits exist, not only in humans, but also in all other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment, including thunder, wind, and shadows. Animism may further attribute souls to abstract concepts such as words, true names, or metaphors in mythology. Examples of animism can be found in forms of Shinto, Serer, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Pantheism, Paganism, and Neopaganism.<br/> <br/> Throughout European history, philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among others, contemplated the possibility that souls exist in animals, plants, and people; however, the currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the 19th century by Sir Edward Tylor, who created it as "one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first".<br/> <br/> According to the anthropologist Tim Ingold, animism shares similarities to totemism but differs in its focus on individual spirit beings which help to perpetuate life, whereas totemism more typically holds that there is a primary source, such as the land itself or the ancestors, who provide the basis to life. Certain indigenous religious groups such as the Australian Aboriginals are more typically totemic, whereas others like the Inuit are more typically animistic in their worldview.<br/> <br/> Just as Christianity can be said to be the experience of being part of the living body of Christ, animism can be said to be the experience of being part of the living biosphere (or even the whole "animate" universe). In this sense, something that is "animate" is simply something that is "alive," and to be an animist is to believe things to be alive that others perceive as "inanimate."<br/> <br/> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p> Native American Symbols ~ The Indigenous People of the United Statestag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-04-07:5521792:Topic:221552013-04-07T22:04:51.566ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444017?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444017?profile=original" width="273"></img></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Native American Symbols</strong> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The Indigenous People of the United States…</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444017?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444017?profile=original" width="273"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Native American Symbols</strong> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>The Indigenous People of the United States</strong></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/">http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/</a></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 13px;">Discover interesting facts and information about the history and culture </span><span style="font-size: 13px;">of Native American Indians and their tribes.</span></p>
<p><span>A comprehensive illustrated guide to Native American Symbols of America with pictures and videos. Native American symbols represent ideas and convey emotions and feelings. Discover the meanings of Native American symbols of the eagle, the hand print and arrows depicted on various objects and in <a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-culture/war-paint.htm" target="_blank">War Paint</a>. Read about the symbols in Picture Writing, Tree Pictures and the Creek alphabet.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong style="font-size: 13px;">Pictures and Videos of Native American Symbols</strong></p>
<p><span><br/> <span>Native American Symbols! Discover the vast selection of pictures on the subject of Native American Symbols. The pictures show the clothing, weapons and decorations of various Native American Indian tribes that can be used as a really useful educational resource for kids and children of all ages. We have included pictures and videos to accompany the main topic of this section. The videos enable fast access to the images, paintings and pictures together with the information and the many facts featured on this subject. Details of all of the articles and pages contained on <a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com" target="_blank">www.warpaths2peacepipes.com</a> can be accessed via the Native Indian Tribes Index. We hope you enjoy watching the Native American videos - just click and play - a great educational resource for kids.</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>NativeIndiansTribes's YouTube Channel Page: </strong><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/NativeIndianTribes/feed?filter=2">http://www.youtube.com/user/NativeIndianTribes/feed?filter=2</a></p>
<p><span><iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/0Hd6f2hHNzg?wmode=opaque" frameborder="0"></iframe>
</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-culture/power-animals.htm"><font face="Arial" size="4">Power Animals</font></a></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-culture/animal-totems.htm">Animal Totems</a> </font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/animal-symbols.htm">Meanings of Animal Symbols</a> </font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/bird-symbols.htm">Meanings of Bird Symbols</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/totem-pole.htm">Totem Pole Symbols & Meanings</a> </b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/dictionary-of-symbols.htm">Picture Dictionary of Symbols</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/interpretation-of-symbols.htm">Interpretation of Symbols</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/symbols-and-meanings.htm">Symbols and Meanings</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/symbols-and-signs.htm">Symbols and Signs</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/list-of-symbols.htm"><font face="Arial" size="4">List of Symbols</font></a></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/color-meanings-symbolism.htm">Color Meanings & Symbolism</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/tree-symbols.htm">Tree Symbols</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/astrology-symbols.htm">Astrology Symbols Chart</a> </font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia, palatino;"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font size="4" face="Arial"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><font face="Arial" size="4"><b><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/symbols-for-letters.htm"><font size="4" face="Arial">Symbols for Letters - Alphabets</font></a></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></font></b></span></p>
<table border="0" width="678" cellspacing="0" id="table113">
<tbody><tr><td height="30" align="center" width="300"><b><a href="http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-symbols/scalp-symbol.htm"></a></b></td>
<td height="30" align="center" width="300"></td>
<td height="30" align="center" width="300"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table> Young Girl Who’s Best Friends With African Wildlifetag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-03-20:5521792:Topic:222082013-03-20T19:25:36.355ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-3">Young Girl Who’s Best Friends With African Wildlife</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://www.easyoops.com/young-girl-whos-best-friends-with-african-wildlife" target="_blank">http://www.easyoops.com/young-girl-whos-best-friends-with-african-wildlife</a><br></br></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="font-size-3"><span class="font-size-2">Born in Africa to French…</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-3">Young Girl Who’s Best Friends With African Wildlife</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://www.easyoops.com/young-girl-whos-best-friends-with-african-wildlife" target="_blank">http://www.easyoops.com/young-girl-whos-best-friends-with-african-wildlife</a><br/></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="font-size-3"><span class="font-size-2">Born in Africa to French wildlife photographer parents, Tippi Degré had a most unusual childhood. The young girl grew up in the African desert and developed an uncommon bond with many untamed animals including a 28-year old African elephant named Abu, a leopard nicknamed J&B, lion cubs, giraffes, an Ostrich, a mongoose, crocodiles, a baby zebra, a cheetah, giant bullfrogs, and even a snake. Africa was her home for many years and Tippi became friends with the ferocious animals and tribespeople of Namibia. As a young child, the French girl said, “I don’t have friends here. Because I never see children. So the animals are my friends.”</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="font-size-3"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442324?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442324?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></span></span><span style="font-size: 13px;">Parents Alain Degré and Sylvie Robert documented Tippi’s life and relationships with the African wildlife and transformed those moments into captivating books and movies. Tippi of Africa, published in 1998, told Tippi’s story of she and her parents, and Tippi’s close bonds with wild animals made her quite famous. Her mother said, “She was in the mindset of these animals. She believed the animals were her size and her friends. She was using her imagination to live in these different conditions.”</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442777?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442777?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></span><span style="font-size: 13px;">Looking past some fairly obvious and natural parental worries, Tippi had the most amazing upbringing. Not many of us can say that we lived a real life adventure where we rode ostriches in our free time or that our best friend growing up was an African elephant, one of the largest animals to walk the earth! You can see a video of Tippi, below, with some of the animals as well as a trailer for the Bridging the Gap to Africa documentary.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442791?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063442791?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063443686?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063443686?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063443986?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063443986?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444035?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444035?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444075?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444075?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444807?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444807?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444907?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444907?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444971?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444971?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445181?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445181?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445264?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445264?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445314?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445314?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445406?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445406?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445479?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445479?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445625?profile=original" target="_self"><img width="700" src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445625?profile=RESIZE_1024x1024" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></p> CAROL CAVALARIS ~ Dream Catcher Series & Wildlife Animal Spiritstag:totemtalk.ning.com,2013-03-15:5521792:Topic:214112013-03-15T07:31:49.765ZTerri Benninghttps://totemtalk.ning.com/profile/TerriBenning
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-3">The Dream Catchers Series by Carol Cavalaris</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://www.romanceworks.com/DreamCatcherSeries.html" target="_blank">http://www.romanceworks.com/DreamCatcherSeries.html</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2">"AUTUMN DEER"…</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-3">The Dream Catchers Series by Carol Cavalaris</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://www.romanceworks.com/DreamCatcherSeries.html" target="_blank">http://www.romanceworks.com/DreamCatcherSeries.html</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2">"AUTUMN DEER"</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444663?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444663?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a><strong>"SPIRIT OF THE HAWK"</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444688?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444688?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2">"SPIRIT HORSE"</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444698?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444698?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-3">Spirit of the Wild by Carol Cavalaris</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-3">(A tribute to the free spirit of all animals)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://www.romanceworks.com/SpiritOfTheWildSeries.html" target="_blank">http://www.romanceworks.com/SpiritOfTheWildSeries.html</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2">"SPIRIT OF THE GOLDEN MOON"</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span class="font-size-2"><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444729?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444729?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"CAT POWER"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444854?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444854?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"WILDCAT SUNRISE"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444774?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444774?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"LYNX SPIRIT"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444887?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444887?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"HERCULES ~ SPIRIT OF STRENGTH"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444912?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444912?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"WILD GENERATIONS"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444977?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063444977?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="font-size: 13px;">"A NEW DAWN"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445068?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445068?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>"RIDIN' HIGH"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445228?profile=original" target="_self"><img src="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2063445228?profile=original" width="700" class="align-full"/></a></strong></p>